Are non-native speakers able to process their second language in a native-like way? The present study used the Event-Related Potentials’ (ERPs) method to address this issue by focusing (1) on agent vs. agentless intransitive sentences and (2) on person vs. number agreement morphology. For that purpose, native and high proficiency and early non-native speakers of Spanish were tested while processing intransitive sentences containing grammatical and ungrammatical subject–verb agreement. Results reveal greater accuracy in the agent (unergative) condition as compared with the agentless (unaccusative) condition and different ERP patterns for both types of verbs in all participants, suggesting a larger processing cost for the agentless sentences than for the agentive ones. These effects were more pronounced in the native group as compared with the non-native one in the early time window (300–500 ms). Differences between person and number agreement processing were also found at both behavioral and electrophysiological levels, indicating that those morphological features are distinctively processed. Importantly, this pattern of results held for both native and non-native speakers, thus suggesting that native-like competence is attainable given early Age of Acquisition (AoA), frequent use and high proficiency.
@article{brainsci12070853,author={Zawiszewski, A. and Martinez de la Hidalga, G. and Laka, I.},title={Agents Strongly Preferred: ERP Evidence from Natives and Non-Natives Processing Intransitive Sentences in Spanish},journal={Brain Sciences},volume={12},year={2022},number={7},article-number={853},url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/7/853},issn={2076-3425},doi={10.3390/brainsci12070853},}
1956
Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement
@book{einstein1956investigations,title={Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement},author={Einstein, Albert},year={1956},publisher={Courier Corporation,},}
@article{einstein1950meaning,title={The meaning of relativity},author={Einstein, Albert and Taub, AH},journal={American Journal of Physics,},volume={18},number={6},pages={403--404},year={1950},publisher={American Association of Physics Teachers,}}
1935
PhysRev
Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?
In a complete theory there is an element corresponding to each element of reality. A sufficient condition for the reality of a physical quantity is the possibility of predicting it with certainty, without disturbing the system. In quantum mechanics in the case of two physical quantities described by non-commuting operators, the knowledge of one precludes the knowledge of the other. Then either (1) the description of reality given by the wave function in quantum mechanics is not complete or (2) these two quantities cannot have simultaneous reality. Consideration of the problem of making predictions concerning a system on the basis of measurements made on another system that had previously interacted with it leads to the result that if (1) is false then (2) is also false. One is thus led to conclude that the description of reality as given by a wave function is not complete.
1905
Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen
Einstein, A.
Annalen der physik, May 1905
Ann. Phys.
Un the movement of small particles suspended in statiunary liquids required by the molecular-kinetic theory 0f heat
